For the love of God is Updates? The elector invited Dutch farmers and technicians into the electorate to take over abandoned lands and to drain marshlands. Frederick Williams wars and diplomacy were allied with his desire to create a powerful state. For the time being, he was correct in this assumption. It would be up to another group of Brandenburgers, speeding toward Fehrbellin itself, to block the Swedish escape. Derfflinger opposed the strategy, arguing that his horsemen were too exhausted from the march and the assault on Rathenow, but the elector, backed by Prince Friedrich, overruled him, stressing the need for a decisive campaign. The Great Elector: Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia' Summer Reading: the Kaiserreich, 18711914; German Unification German-Speaking States Were Being Left Behind Related Topics. The army marched in three sections: the left under Prince Friedrich II of Hesse-Homburg, the right led by General Joachim Ernst von Gortzke, and the center directed by Derfflinger. In the complex power struggles in Europe starting in 1661, he shifted allegiance by always joining with the weaker party, hoping to maintain the balance of power. The elector was perhaps happier with Dorothea, who was more willing to join him in hunting and drinking than was Louise Henrietta. We win by tenderness. At least one man on the field, however, already knew that the elector intended to roll the dice. Their mighty empire was extended beyond what its meager resources could defend, and they fought to maintain a tenuous supremacy in northern Europe. The "Great Elector" started a counter-offensive, pursuing the retreating Swedish forces through Swedish Pomerania. / Harold James, The Massacre in January 1945 on the Baltic Seashore, Introduction Rival Histories of Emer De Vattel's Law of Nations*, Germans Displaced from the East: Crossing Actual and Imagined Central European Borders, 1944-1955, Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: the Huguenot Diaspora in Prussia, Applicant Age Country of Origin Departure Date Expr1004, Geography and the Rise of Prussia After 1815, UC Berkeley Berkeley Undergraduate Journal, Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: the Huguenot, FREDERICK the GREAT and the SEVEN YEARS' WAR, Queen Louise of Prussia: Gender, Power, and Queenship During the Sattelzeit Era, Migration Across the Frontiers of Germany, The Long-Term Effects of Oppression: Prussia, Political Catholicism and the Alternative Fr Deutschland, The Fall of Hitler's Fortress City: the Battle for Konigsberg, 1945, The Regional Incidence of Disease in Germany, Introduction Locating Saxony in the Landscape of German Regional History, German Immigrant Arrivals: Resources in the Library of Congress Compiled and Annotated by Barbara B. He was dead set on retreating across the bridge, no matter what. Neither of his two allies gave any consideration to Frederick Williams conquests, and when the elector learned of Nymwegen early in 1679, he had no choice but to halt his offensive. - for PayPal Credit, opens in a new window or tab, Learn more about Product Partnerships Limited - opens in a new window or tab, See terms for PayPal Credit - opens in a new window or tab. This was followed by another success against Sweden, when Frederick William cleared Prussia of Swedish forces in what became known as the Great Sleigh Drive. In 1685, fearing French ambitions and concerned about the security of Protestantism after Louis revoked religious toleration for the Protestant Huguenots, he again changed sides, joining the Dutch and the Swedes in a pact against France. He, like Frederick William, preferred to attack, but the emperor had tied his hands. By the time of his death, Frederick William the Great Electors small army of eight-thousand turned into a force of thirty-thousand. were members of the highest rank of Russian feudal society. Furthermore, certain diplomatic measures were required before it could confidently engage the Swedesnamely, negotiations with the Dutch Republic concerning naval assistance against the Swedish fleet. It soon became apparent that the army, to survive, must advance into Brandenburg and begin taking its necessities by force. The Hohenzollerns had other lands that were geographically separated from Brandenburg. Shortly after Waldemars arrival, the advance elements of the Brandenburger cavalry under Prince Friedrich arrived on the scene. Custom and user added quotes with pictures. Louis consequently pressed the Swedes to invade Brandenburg in order to draw Frederick William away from the Rhine. During the ensuing years, Frederick William had taken steps in that direction. By pretending to lead a Swedish column, Derfflinger succeeded in tricking the sentries into opening the gates, after which the Brandenburgers poured through. was Ivan IV and the grandson of Ivan III. Although committed to the Protestant Calvinist faith, Frederick William formed alliances with Catholic rulers when it was to his advantage. Price: 113.00. In 1668 he introduced the Prussian General Staff; it became the model in controlling an army for other European powers. Nevertheless, the overall results were satisfactory, and on June 5 the Brandenburgers set off to meet the Swedish threat. 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He introduced permanent taxation. Sophia Dorothea of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gstrow, Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg, Articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana, Articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia. Impact California Social Studies World History, Culture, and Geography The Modern World, Decide which word has the meaning that is the same as (a synonym) or opposite to (an antonym) that of the capitalized vocabulary word. The state was then known as Brandenburg, ruled by an elector of the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick William. Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg aliases The Great Elector Frederick William (German: Friedrich Wilhelm) (16 February 1620 29 April 1688) was Elector of Brandenburg Given their crippling financial crisis, it was obvious that the Swedes would need outside help if they wished to hold onto all the pieces of their empire. What were the three goals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition? 'GY-=>G9xv{$',$^5U?_3 Z8]zFby*U3*>Y m|NvG ?J2D=S>V=Ro~,liQN< SKKB ? Frederick William expected the Dutch to hold out for a considerable length of time, but when the republic was almost entirely absorbed by France during the course of one lightning-fast campaign, the need to act decisively became ever more pressing. Inner-Polish Catholic opposition to an intervention on the Protestant Hungarian rebels' side added to the resentments. He succeeded in his goal of centralizing the administration and increasing the revenue,[2] and was an advocate of mercantilism, monopolies, subsidies, tariffs, and internal improvements. These, William to begin to centralize his control over the disparate Hohenzollern territories, which reached, from the Baltic to the lower Rhine. The remainder of the army would follow and catch up when it could. It appeared that the gambling elector was about to be routed. The Brandenburger cavalry raced forward, hoping to cut off Waldemar at Nauen, but the enemy proved too slippery and had already passed by. was a German family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia. When he became elector (ruler) of Brandenburg in 1640, the country was in ruins from the Thirty Years' War; it had lost half its population from war, disease and emigration. The Great Elector weakened the powers of the Junkers. Shortly afterward, a combined Dutch-Danish fleet intercepted the Swedish navy and wrecked nearly three-quarters of it. vOTW"yt:*UVVuL/*VF. Complete the following sentences by choosing the word that best fits the context, based on information you infer from the use of the italicized word. hypocrisy. Louis was indeed growing impatient with his northern ally, suspecting the Swedes of being content to selfishly drain his coffers without lifting a finger to come to his aid. Frederick William, still en route, ordered the prince to await his arrival, but the prince was impatient and, determining the Swedes to be on their last legs, ordered an immediate attack through the pouring rain. Elector Frederick William was born in Berlin to George William, Elector of Brandenburg, and Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. He introduced to the country a code of laws. 2001. xiii + 286 pp. With the Hessian troops, he was involved in the War of the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon in 1813. Significant ships named after Frederick William include two Imperial Navy ships of Germany named Grosser Kurfrst: one built in 1875 and the other built in 1913. With the help of French subsidies, he built up an army to defend the country. Frederick William The Great Electorhole quotes Frederick William The Great Electorhole Quotes & Sayings . Representing local elites of landowners and merchants, the several estates opposed increasing taxes to fund the military and diplomatic ambitions of the elector, particularly if those taxes were to be spent elsewhere than where they were raised. Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg To which House did Elector Frederick William belong? He is notable for his joint victory with Swedish forces at the Battle of Warsaw, which, according to Hajo Holborn, marked "the beginning of Prussian military history",[5] but the Swedes turned on him at the behest of King Louis XIV and invaded Brandenburg. The Brandenburgers found the Swedes spread out for four miles along the Havel River from Havelberg in the north to Alt-Brandenburg in the south. prince by consolidating his rule over a composite state of non-contiguous territories. After a reign of forty-eight years, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, left behind him in 1688 a military and bureaucratic system that endured until 1945. Unlike Frederick William, Waldemar also possessed infantry and thus was at a decided advantage. prediction Unwilling to sacrifice anything to the despised Danes, Charles accepted the advice of his chancellor, yet limited the extent of Swedish involvement to the preservation of a strong garrison in Pomerania. In the summer of 1675, Swedish troops led by Marshal Karl Wrangel invaded the German principality of Brandenburg. The Great Elector: Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia. Our database is searchable by subject and updated continuously. Now that 2022 is over, the city of Frederick Planning Department has a reminder for tax-paying property owners of designated historic properties in the city: What was Frederick William the Great Elector known for? WebThe name Frederick is boy's name of German origin meaning "peaceful ruler". Mason The. Unlike Frederick William, Waldemar also possessed infantry and thus was at a decided advantage. It influenced Peter to build St. Petersburg. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. Condition: New. This made it much easier for Brandenburg, and later Prussia, to mobilize its military upon the outbreak of hostilities, giving it the ability to immediately compete with its neighbors. The Swedish incursion gave him an excellent excuse to leave behind his worthless allies along the Rhine and win martial glory for himself. Brandenburg-Prussia benefited from his policy of religious tolerance and he used French subsidies to build up an army that took part in the 1655 to 1660 Second Northern War. The Swedes own 38 cannons, only seven of which were operational, would be unable to assist in the assault. "The words of an old hymn come to mind: But we make His love too narrow By false limits of our own; And we magnify His strictness With a zeal He will not own. During his boyhood a marriage had been suggested between him and Christina, heir to the throne of Sweden, but although the idea was revived during the peace negotiations between Sweden and Brandenburg, it came to nothing.[2]. Leopold I successfully repel them from taking the city. The elector initially allied with the Dutch during the French-Dutch War (1672-1678) French-Dutch War (1672-1678)[French Dutch War (1672-1678)] , but Louiss victories led Frederick William to abandon the Dutch and join France. temporarily unified the Nomadic tribes were in the thirteenth century. Frederick William celebrated his driving off the Swedes, while Waldemar insisted that his bloody charges had delayed the enemy long enough to save the bulk of his force. During the final months of 1675, the Brandenburger army drove the Swedes into Mecklenburg, where Charles XIs tormented army withered still further. was an Austrian general who led Holy Roman Empire forces during the War of Spanish Succession. Following Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Frederick William encouraged skilled French and Walloon Huguenots to emigrate to Brandenburg-Prussia with the Edict of Potsdam, bolstering the country's technical and industrial base. Michael Romanov was crown tsar to end the Time of Troubles. Frederick William, German Friedrich Wilhelm known as the Great Elector, (born Feb. 16, 1620, Clln, near Berlindied May 9, 1688, Potsdam), Elector of Brandenburg (164088) who restored the Hohenzollern dominions after the Thirty Years War. The other state was on the opposite end of the spectrum. The great elector followed a policy of religious toleration, but as much by necessity as by principle. Every moment of resistance to temptation is a victory. Or maybe you love the outdoors and wanted to experience hiking, biking, camping, golfing, A loyal soldier, Derfflinger dropped his objection and set out at once. The Great Elector. Without a doubt, France under the great Sun King, Louis XIV, was the dominant power in Europe during the third quarter of the 16th century. was written by Charles IV so his daughter, Maria, could inherit the throne. A few years earlier, in 1667, he had made that point clear to his son, stressing that the only way for a state to become considerable was to command a strong army. The electors succeeded in acquiring full sovereignty over Prussia in 1657. suspicion Prussia's unification of Germany. Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Babenberg), Duke of Austria from 1195 to 1198; Frederick II, Duke of Austria (12191246), last Duke of Austria from the Babenberg dynasty; Frederick the Fair (Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg), 12861330), Duke of Austria and King of the Romans; Baden He later destroyed another Swedish army that invaded the Duchy of Prussia during the Great Sleigh Drive in 1678. On that date in 1675, the Prussians achieved the start of their proud military tradition. Life of Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg book. Frederick William positioned his 13 light field guns atop the hill in preparation for an enemy counterattack. Frederick William was a staunch pillar of the Calvinist faith, associated with the rising commercial class. Please try again. Funding the military through heavy taxes required building up new industry, such as wool, cotton, linen, lace, soap, paper, and iron. However, when Louis XIV of France concluded the Dutch War by the Nijmegen treaties, he marched his armies east to relieve his Swedish ally, and forced Frederick William to basically return to the status quo ante bellum by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679). Initially, Sweden Sweden was the immediate threat to the territorial integrity of the electors lands, and the electors small army of five thousand was no match for the Swedes. Historians compare him to his contemporaries such as Louis XIV of France (16431715), Peter the Great (16821725) of Russia, and Charles XI of Sweden (16601697). After the Seven Years' War he introduced the iron plow, crop rotation, and clover. Trudging through the mud created by a blinding rainstorm, they reached the towns gates at midnight. That winter, however, the army was ill-prepared to march. During the following decade, the elector was dedicated to maintaining the status quo in order to preserve his rights against threats from Sweden, German Catholic princes, and the Habsburg emperor. Frederick William also faced opposition from the estates, or parliaments, of the various Hohenzollern lands. Very fast delivery, good seller! In his mind, the only solution was to create a formidable military that could compete with the major European powers surrounding him. are the nobility and the landowning classes who dominated The Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia. On Blumenthal's advice he agreed to exempt the nobility from taxes and in return they agreed to dissolve the Estates-General. Operating independently for the first couple of months, the Brandenburgers were too weak to strike Turenne. Since 1672, Louis had been paying the Swedes to maintain an army of 16,000 men in Pomerania for the sole purpose of intimidating Brandenburg, but Frederick William felt he had little to worry about from them. In the years following the battle, he did just that. This was exactly what Frederick William had expected; he was already ordering his victorious cavalry forward to cut off the Swedish retreat. Kind thoughts are rarer than either kind words or deeds. Quantity: 2 available. He united the multiple separate domains that his family had acquired primarily by marriage over the decades, and built the powerful unified state of Prussia out of them. The ensuing devastation reached right to the gates of Berlin itself. Between 17,000 and 30,000 enslaved Africans were transported by the BAC to the Americas before the colony was sold to the Dutch in 1721.[9]. It stated that the Habsburg possessions were never to divide and were always to be passed intact to a single heir. Nobility gained more exemptions from the military service, while the peasants were further ground down. He saw the importance of trade and promoted it vigorously. Furthermore, the Swedish left, hindered by the marshes, would be unable to add any additional weight to the attack. The House of Hohenzollern What were the four On 7 December 1646 in The Hague, Frederick William entered into a marriage, proposed by Blumenthal as a partial solution to the Jlich-Berg question, with Luise Henriette of Nassau (16271667), daughter of Frederick Henry of Orange-Nassau and Amalia of Solms-Braunfels and his 1st cousin once removed through William the Silent. [4], Statue of Frederick William at Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin, Frederick William was a military commander of wide renown, and his standing army would later become the model for the Prussian Army. The Great Elector is most famous for building a strong standing army, with an elite officer corps. Until the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, Brandenburg remained a battleground for Swedish, early 1650s, had a peacetime mobilization of over 20,000 by the end of Frederick William's reign. A pleasure to deal with. With his Austrian allies now almost entirely out of the picture, the miserable elector broke down and asked Louis for peace in early 1673. The alliance of Sweden and France had checked the swelling power of the Hapsburgs during the Thirty Years War. Sitting idle, the allied army consequently suffered terribly from a lack of provisions. On June 29, he reluctantly signed the Treaty of St. Germain, effectively wiping out all of his gains by restoring the conquered territories to Sweden. As expected, the Holy Roman Emperor was unwilling to sacrifice any of his army in the defense of Brandenburg. Although it had made a profound statement, Brandenburg remained a minor continental player, still subject to the whims of the larger powers. Frederick William had no intention of providing the time necessary to do so, declaring confidently, We are so close to the enemy, that he must lose his hair or his feathers.. was a family dominated politics in German states. RT @HREAssociation: The family of the Great Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg (1620-88) - Die Familie des Groen Kurfrsten Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg by M Czwiczk. Much the same transpired in October near Strasbourg, where the Brandenburgers attacked the French but again came up short when the Austrians failed to support the assault. Spindell was first appointed In the First Northern War (165560) he gained sovereignty over the duchy of Prussia. The office of poetry is not to make us think accurately, but feel truly. Instead they were enlisted into the army. He was an advocate of mercantilism, monopolies, subsidies, tariffs, and internal improvements. ", Wilson, Peter H. "The Great Elector. WebFrederick, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (16131670) Austria. Frederick William, known as the Great Elector, 162088, elector of Brandenburg (164088), son and successor of George William. Frederick William The Elector Quotes & Sayings Showing search results for "Frederick William The Elector" sorted by relevance. Upon hearing of the unexpected attack, the Wrangel brothers, shocked by the surprise, incorrectly estimated the number of Rathenows assailants. They recaptured their guns, which to everyones amazement had not been spiked, and poured furiously down the opposite slope of the hill. Challenge Religion Self Reliance The one who will be found in trial capable of great acts of love is ever the one who is always He also simplified travel in Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia by connecting riverways with canals, a system that was expanded by later Prussian architects, such as Georg Steenke; the system is still in use today. By the time they agreed to reunite with the Austrians in October, Montecuccoli had retired for the second time in as many years, only to be again replaced by the lethargic Bournonville. Migration;Protestants into Brandenburg Migration;Jews into Brandenburg, To encourage domestic production, foreign imports of wool, glass, iron, and other items were prohibited. Charles X Gustav; Christina; Ferdinand II; Frederick Henry; Frederick V; Frederick William, the Great Elector; Gustavus II Adolphus; Leopold I; Louis XIV; Axel Oxenstierna; Samuel von Pufendorf; Cardinal de Richelieu; Justine Siegemundin; Albrecht Wenzel von Wallenstein; William III. Then, during the winter of 1678-1679, Frederick William equaled the brilliance of the Fehrbellin campaign when he marched his army across the frozen lagoons at Frisches Haff and Kurisches Haff to outflank the Swedes and force them to retreat from Prussia altogether. The larger of these states, Sweden, already possessed a strong tradition as a French ally. His lands were still divided, and Swedish power still loomed large. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Before conflict broke out, the elector died in 1688. Boeing F/A-18e Super Hornet (Kit Build) by Adrian Wolnicki (#165686264683). He is noted for his use of broad directives and delegation of decision-making to his commanders, which would later become the basis for the German doctrine of Auftragstaktik, and he is noted for using rapid mobility to defeat his foes.[6]. [4] In 1666 his title to Cleves, Jlich and Ravensberg was definitely recognized. Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg | Military Wiki | Fandom in: Articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana, Articles incorporating a citation from the The elector utilized his opportunity to the fullest. The Ottomans lost in 1697. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Waldemar found the bridge smoldering yet still very much intact. was a Hohenzollern leader who inherited the title of elector of Brandenburg. It needed only minor repairs before it could be crossed. The seeds were thus sown for the dramatic growth of the army in generations to come. At the same time, the young and impressionable King Charles XI had just reached the age of legitimacy and was assuming power from a regency government. He had married Louise Henrietta Louise Henrietta , princess of Orange and daughter of the Dutch stadtholder William of Orange (later King William III William III (king of England) ), partially for religious reasonsthe Dutch were Calvinistbut also to get Dutch support for his territorial claims to the small principalities of Julich-Berg. Already the French were failing to deliver the promised subsidies, and when Montecuccoli returned to retake control of the Austrian army and actually went onto the offensive, the elector decided to resume his war with France. He concocted a strategy in which he would quickly capture the little town of Rathenow, located directly between Havelberg and Alt-Brandenburg, and split the Swedish army in two. The ensuing attack failed, and the desperate Swedish soldiers held firm. Showing search results for "Frederick William The Great Elector" sorted by relevance. He had marched across Germany a year earlier in high spirits but now, utterly alone, he had little choice but to abandon the war. The situation was especially dire in Germany, where the cost of supplying the garrisoned Swedish army in Pomerania had become too much to bear. He saw Louis XIV as a continual looming threat to Germany. Something of a novelty in the period, Frederick William always made it a point to consult his officers in times of war. No one can be great, or good, or happy except through the inward efforts of themselves. The capital Berlin had only 6,000 people left when the wars ended in 1648. The wait was brief. But the prospect of facing the indomitable French war machine alone was daunting. Kara Mustafa led them into this. It would take nothing short of a miracle to revive them. In 1672, when Louis launched a war of conquest against the Dutch Republic, two very different states were forced to make that difficult choice. They stayed in and increased power through election and marriage. Maybe you wanted to enjoy our rich variety of performing and visual arts. Like other rulers of the seventeenth century, he often practiced political absolutism, but on practical grounds more so than on philosophical or theological grounds. The Peace of Westphalia Westphalia, Peace of (1648) ended the Thirty Years War in 1648, and although the Calvinists in the empire were guaranteed religious toleration, Frederick Williams territorial gains were minimal. There was no guarantee that the Austrians and the Dutch would welcome his return. He took title of Czar and adopted Byzantine court rituals. However, there was considerable friction between Dorothea, focused upon her children, and the electors son and heir, Frederick Frederick III (elector of Brandenburg) , born to his first wife. After marching 250 kilometres in 15 days back to Brandenburg, he caught the Swedes by surprise and managed to defeat them on the field at the Battle of Fehrbellin, destroying the myth of Swedish military invincibility. Under the great elector and his successors, notably kings Frederick William I (r. 1713-1740) and Frederick the Great (r. 1740-1786), the Junker class became, in essence, servants of the state, particularly in the military and civil bureaucracies. Generally, Frederick William was more successful upon building up the infrastructure of his lands than in promoting prosperous industries, but unlike his eighteenth century successors, he had little interest in developing an educational system. , 162088, Elector of Brandenburg, and Elisabeth Charlotte of the Hapsburgs the! Tariffs, and Elisabeth Charlotte of the Hapsburgs during the final months of 1675, the Brandenburger under. 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People of the Brandenburger army drove the Swedes to invade Brandenburg in order to draw William. Time of Troubles Frederick is boy 's name of German origin meaning `` peaceful ruler.! Pillar of the army was ill-prepared to march June 5 the Brandenburgers were weak! Faced opposition from the Rhine and win martial glory for himself the Habsburg possessions never... Brandenburg to which House did Elector Frederick William away from the Rhine had only people. His mind, the army, to block the Swedish escape player still... Seven years ' War he introduced the iron plow, crop rotation and! Steps in that direction the unexpected attack, the Wrangel brothers, shocked by surprise... Results were satisfactory, and Swedish power still loomed large on June 5 Brandenburgers... Swedish threat to Alt-Brandenburg in the thirteenth century Ivan IV and the Swedish... In 1666 his title to Cleves, Jlich and Ravensberg was definitely recognized Dorothea, who was willing... Who dominated the estates of Brandenburg, ruled by an Elector of Brandenburg, and clover Ivan... Return they agreed to exempt the nobility from taxes and in return they agreed to exempt the and... I successfully repel them from taking the city they stayed in and power. Hunting and drinking than was Louise Henrietta Russian feudal society title of Czar and adopted Byzantine rituals. Already ordering his victorious cavalry forward to cut off the Swedish incursion gave him an excellent excuse to leave his. Machine alone was daunting their control to Prussia the only solution was to create a powerful state the century... Or parliaments, of the various Hohenzollern lands any additional weight to the gates of Berlin itself three goals the. '' started a counter-offensive, pursuing the retreating Swedish forces through Swedish Pomerania 1415 and later extended their to! Prussian General Staff ; it became the model in controlling an army defend. For other European powers surrounding him him in hunting and drinking than was Louise Henrietta of.! Off the Swedish navy and wrecked nearly three-quarters of it peaceful ruler '' strong... By a blinding rainstorm, they reached the towns gates at midnight in.
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